\documentclass[11pt,a4paper]{article}
\usepackage{times}
\usepackage{a4quitelarge}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{natbib}
\usepackage{xspace}
\usepackage{setheads}

\bibpunct{(}{)}{;}{a}{,}{,}
\renewcommand{\cite}{\citep}

\title{Citation of Sources}
\author{David McG.\ Squire}
\date{\today}

% Define some convenient stuff
\newcommand{\eg}{\emph{e.g.}\@\xspace}
\newcommand{\ie}{\emph{i.e.}\@\xspace}
\newcommand{\etc}{\emph{etc.}\@\xspace}
\newcommand{\BibTeX}{{\sc Bib}\TeX}
\newenvironment{smallquote}{\small\begin{quote}}{\end{quote}}

\begin{document}
\maketitle

\begin{center}
{\Large CSE417 Communication and Research Skills\par

CSSE Monash University \par}
\end{center}

\section{Introduction}
This document presents an overview of the principles that should be
observed when citing sources, published or otherwise, in both your
literature review and your thesis. Additional and supporting information is
available in the \emph{Student Guide to Writing Assignments} \cite{FIT1998}
(hereafter referred to as the Student Guide).  You should read the Student
Guide as well as this document.  It provides a great deal of additional
useful information and guidance.

\section{Citations: What and Why?}
The Student Guide says of citations:
\begin{smallquote}
Citations are the references to others' work that you have used. They are
placed in the body of your paper. Their purpose is to provide the reader
with an intellectual `audit trail' that can be followed back from your
efforts to the sources you used. For this reason, citations and a matching
list of references are necessary where a particular published or
unpublished source has provided ideas you have used, \emph{even if you have not
used a direct quotation}. [emphasis added]
\end{smallquote}
Correctly citing the sources that you have used is a \emph{vital} part of
academic writing. Just as important---if not more so---is the
correct use of quotation marks ``~'', for short quotations, or indentation,
for long quoted passages (as below), to indicate when text has been taken
directly from one of the sources used. As the Student Guide says:
\begin{smallquote}
If you use \emph{more than five words} taken directly and word for word
from a published source, and do not indicate that the material is a
quotation, you are guilty of {\bfseries plagiarism}. This is the case even
when you cite the source in the body of your text, or in your references,
or both. Plagiarism of any extent is severely frowned upon, and where
intent to gain an unfair advantage is evident, becomes {\bfseries
cheating}. Examiners are within their rights to award 0 for any work that
entails plagiarism, and \emph{cases of cheating can lead to a fail in the
subject, or even exclusion}. [emphasis added]
\end{smallquote}
These are not idle threats. The Faculty and the University regard
plagiarism and cheating as very serious offences. We want to help
you to get it right, but you must take responsibility for your work, and
make use of the resources provided and to which you are directed.

\subsection{Why Are Citations Required?}
All academic writing includes and requires citations. Citations show
readers where ideas have come from, and make it easy for them to find the
original source if they want to know more about it. They are also an
indication of the author's scholarship: the appearance of many citations
can indicate that the author has read widely and is familiar with the
state-of-the-art in his/her field of research.

All research builds on earlier work. Sir Isaac Newton captured this
notion beautifully in the sentence ``If I have seen further, it is by
standing on [the] shoulders of giants'' \cite{New1676}. Citing earlier
research makes the context of new research clear. You will find that all
the academic papers you have located for your literature review cite earlier
work for this reason, even if they introduce completely new ideas.
Non-academic sources, such as industry `white papers' often do not cite
their sources, which means that they are of very limited value.

You cannot make unsubstantiated claims in academic writing. Every claim
about the work of others must be supported by a citation. Every original
claim, \ie your own work, must be supported by argument, proof or
experimental results.

In a literature review, such as the one that you are writing for this unit,
new research is not expected. You are expected to read a variety of
publications relevant to your topic, to describe their contents, and then to
discuss them, comparing the various approaches to problems and discussing
their advantages and disadvantages. Since no original research is expected,
it is reasonable to expect that almost every paragraph will
contain one or more citations. The only likely exceptions to this are the
introduction and/or the conclusion, which may consist of general discussion
of the problem.

Some students seem to believe that placing many citations in their work is
bad, since (they think that) it makes it look as if they have not done
anything original themselves. This is \emph{not} the case! The presence of
many citations is \emph{good}, since it indicates 
that you have read widely, and that you understand the importance of
acknowledging sources in academic writing.

\subsection{Paraphrasing and Quotation}
Although the presence of many citations is good, it is \emph{extremely}
important that you write about the articles that you have read \emph{in
your own words}; this is called \emph{paraphrasing} and is normal academic
practice (see section 5 of the Student Guide). Whenever you take words
\emph{directly} from a source---\ie without rewriting in your own
words---you are \emph{quoting} that source.  Some quotation in a research
paper is fine: sometimes an author seems to have found exactly the right
words (as with \citet{New1676} above). Quotations \emph{must} be either enclosed in
quotation marks or shown as an indented passage. Remember, however, that a
paper or thesis consisting entirely or largely of quotations will fail: your
supervisor
or examiner is interested in \emph{your} work, not simply the words of others
pasted together.

\pagebreak
\section{Information Required for Citations}
Each citation in the text of your paper must correspond to an entry in the
`References' section at the end. Remember that one of the primary functions
of a citation is to allow the reader to find the source that you used.
Consequently the entries in the `References' section must contain enough
information for this to be possible. The main questions you must answer
are:
\begin{itemize}
\item \textbf{Who} wrote this?
\item \textbf{What} is it called?
\item \textbf{Where} was it published?%
\footnote{\emph{Not} where did you find it!}
\item \textbf{When} was it published?
\end{itemize}

Below is a list, taken from
\citet{Lam1994}, of possible \BibTeX\ entry types and
the required and optional information that must be supplied when referring
to a source of that type. Even if you do not use \LaTeX\ and \BibTeX\, this is an
excellent guide to the information that should be provided when citing various kinds
of publications.
\begin{description}
\item[article]  An article from a journal or magazine. \\
	Required information:  author, title, journal, year\\
	Optional information:  volume, number, pages, month, note, key, url
\item[book]  A book with an explicit publisher. \\
	Required information:  author or editor, title, publisher, year\\
	Optional information:   volume, series, address, edition, month, note, key, url
\item[booklet]  A work that is printed and bound, but without a named publisher or sponsoring institution. \\
	Required information:  title\\
	Optional information:   author, howpublished, address, month, year, note, key, url
\item[inproceedings]  (or {\bfseries conference}) An article in a conference proceedings. \\
	Required information:   author, title, booktitle, year\\
	Optional information:  editor, pages, organization, publisher, address,
   month, note, key, url
\item[inbook]  A part of a book, which may be a chapter (or section or whatever) and/or a range of pages. \\
	Required information:   author or editor, title, chapter and/or pages,
	publisher, year\\
	Optional information:  volume, series, address, edition, month, note, key, url
\item[incollection]  A part of a book having its own title. \\
	Required information:  author, title, booktitle, year\\
	Optional information:   editor, pages, organization, publisher, address, month,
	note, key, url
\item[manual]  Technical documentation. \\
	Required information:  title\\
	Optional information:   author, organization, address, edition, month, year, note,
	key, url
\item[phdthesis]  (or {\bfseries mastersthesis}) A Ph.D. or Master's thesis. \\
	Required information:  author, title, school, year\\ 
	Optional information:  address, month, note, key, url
\item[proceedings]  The proceedings of a conference. \\
	Required information:  title, year\\
	Optional information:  editor, publisher, organization, address, month, note, key,
	url
\item[techreport]  A report published by a school or other institution, usually numbered within a series. \\
	Required information:  author, title, institution, year\\
	Optional information:  type, number, address, month, note, key, url
\item[unpublished]  A document having an author and title, but not formally published. \\
	Required information:  author, title, note\\
	Optional information:  month, year, key, url
\item[misc]  Use this type when nothing else fits. \\
	Required information:  howpublished (not really required, but strongly
	recommended)\\
	Optional information:  author, title, month, year, note, key, url
\end{description}

Note that the `required information' above indicates the \emph{minimum}
required. You should supply as much information as you can. The
`References' section at the end of this document gives examples of how an
journal article \cite{BoL2000}, a conference article \cite{AgS1995}, a book
\cite{WeB1998} and an on-line industry or government white
paper should be cited \cite{HCH2000}.

\subsection{Citing On-line Sources}
Many students find sources for their theses on-line. This is fine, but it is
important to be careful when citing sources found on-line, for two reasons:
\begin{itemize}
\item often the on-line version is not the primary medium in which the
article was published (especially for journal and conference articles). You
must find out where the article was actually published and cite those
details. Publication in a conference or journal generally implies peer
review and thus quality control. Anyone, however, can put up a web page;
\item URLs are subject to frequent change. Often documents disappear from
the web, or are moved to a new URL. A recent study of articles in five
journals found that of more than 1,000 citations including URLs, 33\% of
the URLs were dead, and only 56\% of the live URLs still pointed to
someting relevant to the citation~\cite{Car2005}.
\end{itemize}
The second point above means that it is {\bfseries not acceptable} simply
to give a URL for an on-line document. First you must try to find out if it
has been published elsewhere (almost all academic articles have been), and
if you cannot find any such information, you must give at least the
author(s) and title of the document, as well as the date on which it was
downloaded. See the Student Guide for directions on citing articles with no
apparent author.

\subsubsection{The Digital Object Identifier System}
In recent years many major academic publishers (\eg Elsevier, Kluwer) have
started to use the \textbf{Digital Object Identifier (DOI)} system. A DOI
provides a unique identifer for a digital object, such as a journal or
conference article. DOIs are guarranteed not to change. If a DOI exists for
an article it should be used in preference to a URL, \eg
\texttt{doi:10.1000/123}, and/or the URL should
be given in terms of a DOI, \eg \texttt{http://dx.doi.org/10.1000/123}.
Read more at \texttt{http://doi.org/}.


\section{Tools to Help Manage Citations}
Whilst it is reasonably easy to manage citations and references for a small essay or paper
manually, it becomes much more difficult when writing large
papers, theses or books. Authors of such works use tools to help then with
this task.

The document preparation system used by many scientists, particularly in
computer science, physics and mathematics, is \LaTeX. It has a bibliography
management system called \BibTeX, and is also excellent for managing large
documents and typesetting mathematical formulae. \LaTeX\ is available on
most, if not all, UNIX systems (including Linux). It is also available for
MS Windows. 
There is further information available on-line at:
\texttt{http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/software/latex/}, including the
\texttt{cssethesis} document class, and example files.

If you insist on using MS Windows software, there is a tool for MS Word and Word Perfect
called \emph{EndNote}. It is available free to Monash staff and students.
Details on how to obtain and use EndNote are available on-line at:\\
\texttt{http://www.lib.monash.edu.au/vl/endnote/endncon.htm}

\subsection{The {\sf natbib} Citation and Bibliography Package}
The {\sf natbib} package provides extended citation capabilities
\cite{Dal1999}. In particular it supports the Harvard ``author, date''
citation style that is preferred for theses, when used with an appropriate
bibliography style, such as \verb+dcu+. It replaces the standard
\LaTeX\ \verb+\cite+ command with two basic forms of citation command:
\verb+\citep+ and \verb+\citet+, as well as providing several other very
useful ones.

The \verb+\citep+ command is best used when placing a citation at the end
of sentence or phrase (as above).  In the {\sf natbib} documentation, this
is referred to as a \emph{parenthetical citation}.%
\footnote{For ease of conversion from exisiting \LaTeX\ documents, you
might find it useful to place
\texttt{$\backslash$renewcommand\{$\backslash$cite\}\{$\backslash$citep\}}
in the preamble of the document, since any existing standard
\texttt{$\backslash$cite} commands should almost certainly be treated as
\texttt{$\backslash$citep}.}

When you want to refer to the authors of a particular work, typically at
the start of a sentence, a parenthetical citation is not appropriate. This
is particularly so if you are using a numerical or symbolic citation style.
You should \emph{not} start a sentence with
\begin{quote}
[2] says that this is most certainly \ldots
\end{quote}
In such situations you really need to give the authors' names. The
\verb+\citet+ command produces \emph{textual citations}, which allows you
to produce things like:
\begin{quote}
\citet{Ade1983} describes a means by which textures may be
characterized \ldots another approach is given in \citet{DeV1998}.

\citet{AGR1996} note that humans have little or no difficulty in
perceiving shape, yet find it extremely difficult to \emph{describe} what
they perceive.
\end{quote}

Note that an abbreviated version of the authors' names has been produced in
the third example above.  It is often desirable to have the full list of
authors' names given when a work  is first cited, and an abbreviated list
thereafter. This can be achieved by passing the \texttt{longnamesfirst}
option to {\sf natbib} when the package is used. This will produce
an initial citation like:
\begin{quote}
\citet*{AGR1996} note that humans have little or no difficulty in
perceiving shape, yet find it extremely difficult to \emph{describe} what
they perceive.
\end{quote}

Both the \verb+\citep+ and \verb+\citet+ can take two optional arguments.
If just one is provided,  its text will appear as a ``post-note'' after the
citation details. If two arguments are provided, the first defines a
pre-note, and the second a post-note. Here is an example:
\begin{quote}
\verb+\citep[Ch.~3]{AaK1989}+ \ldots{} \cite[Ch.~3]{AaK1989}\\
\verb+\citep[see][Ch.~3]{AaK1989}+ \ldots{} \cite[see][Ch.~3]{AaK1989}\\
\end{quote}

If you want to use a numerical citation style, \eg [2] rather than the
Harvard (author, year), but have \verb+\citet+ and \verb+\citep+ working,
pass the option \verb+numbers+ to the {\sf natbib} package:
\begin{quote}
\verb+\usepackage[numbers]{natbib}+
\end{quote}
and use either \verb+plainnat+ or \verb+unsrtnat+ as the bibliography
style.

These examples only scratch the surface of what the {\sf natbib} package
can do. To discover the full power of the package, see the documentation at
CTAN \cite{Dal1999}. You probably already have it on your system. Try
\verb+locate natbib.dvi+ at the command line.

\section{Common \BibTeX\ Mistakes}
\subsection{Author lists}
\BibTeX\ requires that the names of authors in the ``author'' field be separated by
the word \verb+and+. They must \emph{not} be comma-separated. Two name formats are
supported. You may use
{\small
\begin{verbatim}
author =	{David McG. Squire and Fred Quentin Nurke and Karen {Sparck Jones}},
\end{verbatim}
}
or
{\small
\begin{verbatim}
author =	{Squire, David McG. and Nurke, Fred Quentin and Sparck Jones, Karen},
\end{verbatim}
}
These result in citations \cite{SNS2002} and \cite{SNS2002a} respectively.
Note the use of the parentheses \verb+{}+ around the two-part surname
\verb+Sparck Jones+. They are necessary when using the first format, but not the
second (since everything before the comma is treated as the surname). If they are
omitted from the first, the citation \cite{SNS2002b} results.

\subsection{Capital letters in the \protect\texttt{title} field}
Many \BibTeX\ bibliography styles automatically make all but the first
letter of the \verb+title+ field lowercase. This is a problem if you need
to use a proper noun, or an abbreviation, in a title. Letters for which the
case should be preserved must be enclosed in parentheses. The \BibTeX\
entry
{\small
\begin{verbatim}
@misc{SNS2002a,
	author =	{Squire, David McG. and Nurke, Fred Quentin and Sparck Jones, Karen},
	title =		{Something about {XML}},
	year =		{2002},
}
\end{verbatim}
}
produces the citation \cite{SNS2002a}, whereas
{\small
\begin{verbatim}
@misc{SNS2002b,
	author =	{Squire, David McG. and Nurke, Fred Quentin and Karen Sparck Jones},
	title =		{Something about XML},
	year =		{2002},
}
\end{verbatim}
}
does not retain the correct uppercase for XML, as can be seen in the
References section for \cite{SNS2002b}.

\bibliography{citrefs}
\bibliographystyle{dcu}
\end{document}

